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Helpful Resources & References

Links to Resources

Implementing a prehospital blood program requires a deep understanding of federal regulations, clinical best practices, and reimbursement models. Use the following resources to navigate compliance, stay informed on the latest trauma research, and access step-by-step guides for building a resilient blood supply chain.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services CMS Expands Medicare Reimbursement for EMS to Include Additional Blood Products

THOR – Trauma, Hemostasis and Oxygenation Research

America’s Blood Centers A Vital Resource: Community Blood Centers & The Growth of Prehospital Blood Programs

Association for the Advancement of Blood & Biotherapies (AABB) Emergency Prehospital and Scheduled Out-of-Hospital Transfusions

Prehospital Blood Transfusion Initiative Coalition (PHBTIC) U.S. Prehospital Blood Program Interactive Map | PHBTIC Prehospital Blood Transfusion Coalition Clinical Practice Guideline for Civilian EMS

NHTSA – National Highway Traffic Safety Administration How to Build a Prehospital Blood Transfusion Program Prehospital Blood Transfusion Infographics

Delta Development Team Certifications & Compliance

Delta Development Team Publications

Why EMS Needs a Prehospital Blood Management System

Why EMS and Blood Banks Don’t Use Camping Fridges

The Danger of Storing Blood in a Non-Medical Refrigerator

Supporting Articles, Webinars, and Videos

Bloodlines – Prehospital Blood | Medical Documentary

NBC NEWS video – How ex-military surgeons are pushing for laws allowing ambulances to carry blood

Whole Blood Programs Webinar - Whole Blood Programs in Prehospital Care Guest Speaker: Eric Bank, Asst Chief of EMS, Harris County ESD 48 (presented by Bound Tree)

American College of Surgeons (ACS) News Conference – Fast Access to Blood Saves Lives- The Urgent need to make it available to all trauma patients

JEMS article – With Trauma Deaths on the rise, EMS is developing prehospital blood transfusion programs to improve survival and recovery rates

The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery – Removing the barriers to prehospital blood: A roadmap to success

American Association of Critical-Care Nurses – Low Titer O-Positive Whole Blood: Lessons from the Battlefield for Civilian Rural Hospitals

NAEMSP Webinar – Whole Blood in Rural EMS – The Wilkes County EMS Experience

Transfusion: Volume 65, Issue S1 – A Supplement to TRANSFUSION The THOR Network 2025 Remote Damage Control Resuscitation Supplement

The Journal of Trauma and Accute Care Surgery – Every minute matters: Improving outcomes for penetrating trauma through prehospital advanced resuscitative care

Wiley Online Library – Nationwide trends in prehospital blood product use after injury 2020–2023

EMS.gov - POST-CRASH CARE COUNTERMEASURES: HOW TO SAVE MORE LIVES

BMJ Journals - Prehospital blood transfusion coalition core competencies for emergency medical services personnel

Wiley Online Library - Tactical transfusion—Importance and logistics ofintegrating prehospital blood in tactical EMS operations

Sucessful Whole Blood Programs

Tidewater EMS - Whole Blood Initiative

Howard County - Whole Blood Program

Howard County - Whole Blood Program

Loudoun County - FACT*R | Field Available Coordinated Transfusion Response

Montgomery County, MD - Whole Blood in EMS Promises a Revolution in Resuscitation

Newark, NJ - University Hospital Becomes First Organization to Achieve AABB Accreditation for Emergency Prehospital Transfusions

Click here to read more success stories

Agency Protocols & Standard Operating Procedures

Current Blood Protocol

Prehospital Blood Program

Monongalia EMS - Blood Administration

Headquarters 1635 S. Research Loop Suite 303 Tucson, AZ 85710

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